Vegéta*ismes, dépression, santé mentale

Vegetarian diet and orthorexia nervosa: a review of the literature [Abstract]
Anna Brytek-Matera
Eating and weight disorder, 2021

Results

The results demonstrated that following a vegetarian diet was found to be related to orthorexic eating behaviors (in 11 out of 14 studies).

Conclusion

Further longitudinal research is needed to investigate whether following a vegetarian diet serves as a risk factor in the development of orthorexia nervosa.

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Adherence to the vegetarian diet may increase the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies [Abstract]
Fazelian et al.
Nutrition reviews, 2021

Vegetarian diet significantly increased depression risk; however, the findings were not robust, and more studies are required to investigate the vegetarian diet and depression association.

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No significant association was found between diet and the continuous depression score, stress, well-being, or cognitive impairment. Vegans/vegetarians were at increased risk for depression (odds ratio = 2.142; 95%CI, 1.105–4.148) and had lower anxiety scores (mean difference = −0.847; 95%CI, −1.677 to −0.018). Heterogeneity was large, and thus subgroup analyses showed numerous differences.

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Vegetarian diet and the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Askari et al.
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2020

Results from 13 publications (four cohort studies and nine cross-sectional studies) assessing the relationship between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and depression, anxiety and stress were included. The pooled effect size from 10 studies indicated no association between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and depression (pooled effect size: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.84–1.25, p = 0.817). Further, the pooled effect size from four studies suggests that a vegetarian diet is not associated with anxiety (pooled effect size: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.71–1.68, p = 0.678).

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Association between vegetarian and vegan diets and depression: a
systematic review [Texte]
Jain et al.
Proceedings of the nutrition society, 2020

Of the 17 studies investigating associations between vegetarian diets and depression, 5 found vegetarian diets to lower rates of depression, 10 studies found it to increasedepression/depressive symptoms, and the remaining 2 found no association. Of the 4 studies investigating associations between vegan diets and depression, 2 studies found the diet to be beneficial against depression, whilst the other 2 found it to increase depression. Overall, the findings revealed conflicting evidence on the association between vegetarian/vegan diets and depression

Etudes

Association of plant-based dietary patterns with psychological profile and obesity in Iranian women
Zamani et al.
Clinical nutrition, 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561419303012?casa_token=R9Il5g1AjYQAAAAA:vCBjIE6F71y2LZ8PtlqK4xIM3UrRPT7nQuloVP0OQIW7wlzXbva67EcMQDyo_AGD4IVK3wZmmA

(cross-sectional)

an inverse association was observed between higher PDI and hPDI scores and depression (PDI: 0.41; 95% CI 0.23–0.71, P_trend = 0.001, hPDI: 0.44; 95% CI 0.25–0.76, P_trend = 0.003), anxiety (PDI: 0.56; 95% CI 0.33–0.94, P_trend = 0.03, hPDI: 0.55; 95% CI 0.33–0.94, P_trend = 0.03), and psychological distress (PDI: 0.44; 95% CI 0.26–0.75, P_trend = 0.003, hPDI: 0.49; 95% CI 0.29–0.82, P_trend = 0.009). For uPDI, higher scores were associated with depression (uPDI: 1.91; 95% CI 1.03–3.55, P_trend = 0.03).

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Prevalence and psychopathology of vegetarians and vegans – Results from a representative survey in Germany
Paslakis et al.
Nature scientific reports, 2020
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63910-y

Female gender, younger age, higher education, lower body mass index (BMI), and higher depressive and eating disorder symptoms were found to be associated with vegetarianism/veganism.

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Orthorexic tendencies moderate the relationship between semi-vegetarianism and depressive symptoms
Hessler-Kaufmann et al.
Eating and weight disorders, 2020
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-020-00901-y

Semi-vegetarians with strong orthorexic tendencies show more depressive symptoms than omnivores and vegetarians. The complex nature of the relationship between vegetarianism and depression requires further investigation.

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Intake of Meat, Fish, Fruits, and Vegetables and Long-Term Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Ngabirano et al.
Journal of alzheimer’s disease, 2019
https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180919

These findings suggest very low meat consumption increases the long-term risk of dementia and AD, and that a protopathic bias could have impacted finding from previous studies.

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Exploring Singapore’s consumption of local fish, vegetables and fruits, meat and problematic alcohol use as risk factors of depression and subsyndromal depression in older adults
Goh et al.
BMC geriatrics, 2019
https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-019-1178-z

meat consumption was more likely to be associated with depression and SSD.

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Do patterns of nutrient intake predict self-reported anxiety, depression and psychological distress in adults? SEPAHAN study
Salehi-Abargouei et al.
Clinical nutrition, 2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561418300657

An “omnivore” like diet high in amino acids, cobalamin, zinc, phosphorus, saturated fat, cholesterol and pantothenic acid is associated with reduced psychological disorders. Prospective studies are recommended to confirm our results.

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Vegetarian diet is inversely associated with prevalence of depression in middle-older aged South Asians in the United States
Jin et al.
Ethnicity and health, 2019
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13557858.2019.1606166

Our study demonstrated 43% lower odds of depression among vegetarians (p = 0.023).

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Vegetarian diet and mental health: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in culturally diverse samples
Lavallee et al.
Journal of affective disorders, 2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032718318597?via%3Dihub

Vegetarianism diet is not reliably related to positive or negative mental health in US and Russian representative samples or in German representative or student samples.
Vegetarian diet is related to slight increases over time in anxiety and depression in Chinese students.

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Vegetarian or gluten-free diets in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are associated with lower psychological well-being and a different gut microbiota, but no beneficial effects on the course of the disease
Philipp Schreiner et al.
United european gastroenterology journal, 2019
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2050640619841249

Although we did not identify a relevant impact of a specific diet on the course of the disease, there was a significant association with lower psychological well-being in Vegetarian diet and Gluten free diet patients.

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Multilevel modeling analyses (days nested within persons) found that vegetarians (individuals who avoided all meat and fish, n = 24) reported lower self-esteem, lower psychological adjustment, less meaning in life, and more negative moods than semi-vegetarians (individuals who ate some meat and/or fish, n = 56) and omnivores (individuals who did not restrict their intake of meat or fish, n = 323). Vegetarians also reported more negative social experiences than omnivores and semi-vegetarians.

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Association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms among middle-aged adults in China in 2016–2017
Wang et al.
Psychiatry research, 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178117316499?via%3Dihub

(cross-sectional)

Four major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: traditional Chinese, Western, grains-vegetables and high-salt patterns. After controlling for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the Western pattern scores had greater odds of depressive symptoms than those in the lowest quartile. In contrast, participants in the highest quartile of the grains-vegetables pattern had lower odds of depressive symptoms than those in the lowest quartile. Nevertheless, no significant associations were observed between the traditional Chinese and high-salt patterns and the risk of depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for potential confounders. The findings indicate that the Western pattern is associated with an increased risk, and the grains-vegetables pattern is associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms.

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Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students
Velten et al.
BMC public health, 2018
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2

Better mental health (higher PMH and fewer MHP) at baseline was predicted by a lower body mass index, a higher frequency of physical and mental activities, non-smoking, a non-vegetarian diet, and a more regular social rhythm.

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Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in a UK cohort of men and women: a longitudinal study
Northstone et al.
Public health nutrition, 2017
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/dietary-patterns-and-depressive-symptoms-in-a-uk-cohort-of-men-and-women-a-longitudinal-study/A2988455545D4AD34FEA0380C7F9C8A0

We found no association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms after taking account of potential confounding factors and the potential temporal relationship between them. This suggests that previous studies reporting positive associations may have suffered from reverse causality and/or residual confounding.

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Those who did not eat meat had significantly higher scores on the depression scale than those who ate meat.There was not a difference on the anxiety scale.These results lead to the conclusion that excluding meat from your diet can increase the likelihood of depression.

After adjustment for potential confounders, greater adherence to the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern was protectively associated with depression in women (OR=0·65; 95 % CI 0·46, 0·91). Normal-weight participants in the top quintile of this dietary pattern tended to have decreased odds of anxiety compared with those in the bottom quintile (OR=0·61; 95 % CI 0·38, 1·00). In addition, the traditional dietary pattern was associated with increased odds of depression (OR=1·42; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·99) and anxiety (OR=1·56; 95 % CI 1·00, 2·42) in women. Normal-weight participants in the highest quintile of the traditional dietary pattern had greater odds for anxiety (OR=1·89; 95 % CI 1·12, 3·08) compared with those in the lowest quintile. The Western dietary pattern was associated with increased odds of depression in men (OR=1·73; 95 % CI 1·07, 2·81) and anxiety in normal-weight participants (OR=2·05; 95 % CI 1·22, 3·46). There was a significant increasing trend in the odds of psychological distress across increasing quintiles of the fast food dietary pattern in women (P-trend=0·02).

Restriction of meat, fish, and poultry in omnivores improves mood: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Beezhold & Johnston
Nutrition journal, 2012
https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-11-9

Mood scores were unchanged for OMN or FISH participants, but several mood scores for VEG participants improved significantly after two weeks.

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Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a cross-sectional study in Seventh Day Adventist adults
Bonnie Beezhold et al.
Nutrition journal, 2010
https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-9-26

Vegetarians (VEG:n = 60) reported significantly less negative emotion than omnivores (OMN:n = 78) as measured by both mean total DASS and POMS scores (8.32 ± 0.88 vs 17.51 ± 1.88, p = .000 and 0.10 ± 1.99 vs 15.33 ± 3.10, p = .007, respectively).

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Vegetarianism and eating disorders: association between eating attitudes and other psychological factors among Turkish adolescents
Bas et al.
Appetite, 2005
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195666305000346?via%3Dihub

As a conclusion, the present study indicated abnormal eating attitudes, low self-esteem, high social physique anxiety, and high trait anxiety in Turkish vegetarian adolescents. The vegetarian adolescents may be more likely to display disordered eating attitudes and behaviors than nonvegetarians.

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Characteristics of vegetarian adolescents in a multiethnic urban population
Perry et al.
Journal of adolescent health, 2001.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X01002580?casa_token=RpX8zTvWFDsAAAAA:90aPLLbF38TCnRydYAYI0bYMWu0ynyoVV5fQA6WsYG_tToc2_sL-zud9ubMgJEBy2r_-dZ6WJO0

The vegetarians were more likely than non vegetarians to be female, not black, weight- and body-conscious, dissatisfied with their bodies, and involved in a variety of healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Vegetarians more often reported having been told by a physician that they had an eating disorder and were more likely to have contemplated and attempted suicide. Vegetarian males were found to be an especially high risk group for unhealthy weight control practices. Few ethnic group differences among vegetarians were noted. Adolescents who did not eat chicken and fish were at lower risk than those who also ate chicken and fish.
CONCLUSIONS:

Adolescent vegetarians are at greater risk than others for involvement in unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors. Vegetarian males are at particularly high risk. Vegetarianism among adolescents may therefore be a signal for preventive intervention. Adolescents who choose to become vegetarians may also need to learn how to healthfully do so.

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